Fig. 1 Generic X-ray spectrum More about this image found in Generic X-ray spectrum

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the equivalent path length (EPL) More about this image found in Schematic representation of the equivalent path length (EPL)

Fig. 3 X-ray penumbra effect (not to scale) More about this image found in X-ray penumbra effect (not to scale)

Fig. 4 Schematic representation of X-ray radiographic imaging of a fluidized bed More about this image found in Schematic representation of X-ray radiographic imaging of a fluidized bed

Fig. 5 Possible X-ray stereography setup where two (2) X-ray source/detector pairs are mounted perpendicular to each other in the same horizontal plane with a fluid flow of interest located in the center More about this image found in Possible X-ray stereography setup where two (2) X-ray source/detector pairs...

Fig. 6 Sample XCT data from a 10 cm ID fluidized bed filled with 500–600  μ m glass beads. The bead is fluidized from the bottom and could have side gas injection too. ( a ) A schematic of the fluidized bed. ( b ) A photograph of the static bed. ( c ) Vertical and horizontal void fraction slices w... More about this image found in Sample XCT data from a 10 cm ID fluidized bed filled with 500–600  μ m glas...

Fig. 7 Setup for ( a ) focused beam imaging and ( b ) white beam imaging at APS. Distances (in meters) are from the X-ray origin at the bending magnet. Figure adapted from Refs. [ 24 , 51 , 56 , 172 ]. More about this image found in Setup for ( a ) focused beam imaging and ( b ) white beam imaging at APS. D...

Fig. 8 ( a ) Backlit image of a turbulent water jet. ( b ) Instantaneous FB measurements of EPL at the edge of the turbulent water jet. ( c ) Average FB measurements of EPL across the turbulent water jet. Figure adapted from Ref. [ 172 ]. More about this image found in ( a ) Backlit image of a turbulent water jet. ( b ) Instantaneous FB measur...

Fig. 9 WB imaging of two liquid streams in an impinging jet mixer. The nozzle diameters of each jet were 0.5 mm. The right jet was pure water, while the left jet was pure water with 50% by mass potassium iodide. Image from Ref. [ 184 ]. More about this image found in WB imaging of two liquid streams in an impinging jet mixer. The nozzle diam...

Fig. 10 Possible setup for X-ray fluorescence imaging or confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging. Image modified from Ref.[ 24 ]. More about this image found in Possible setup for X-ray fluorescence imaging or confocal X-ray fluorescenc...

Fig. 11 Sample XFI imaging results from an impinging jet spray showing EPL measures from XFI and FB measurements. Figure assembled from Ref. [ 195 ]. More about this image found in Sample XFI imaging results from an impinging jet spray showing EPL measures...

Fig. 12 Schematic of ( a ) absorption-based X-ray imaging and ( b ) phase contrast imaging (PCI). ( c ) Sample PCI image enhancement effects. More about this image found in Schematic of ( a ) absorption-based X-ray imaging and ( b ) phase contrast ...