Fig. 1 SEM image showing even distribution of particle type and size throughout the surface of a silicon anode disc after the heat treatment step More

Fig. 2 ( a ) XRD pattern showing the various silicon, copper, and Cu 3 Si phases and ( b ) section of the XRD pattern, indicating the specific Cu 3 Si peaks as per JCPDS indexes More

Fig. 3 NCA–Si cells that run for ten cycles at room temperature (23 °C) followed by 50 cycles at −20 °C More

Fig. 4 Discharge curves showing capacity changes at first room temperature discharge, last room temperature discharge, first low-temperature discharge, and last low-temperature discharge. All cycles were run at the same C/10 discharge rate. More

Fig. 1 ( a ) Battery module, ( b ) cell, ( c ) streamline extraction, ( d ) structure optimization position, ( e ) cooling plate, and ( f ) confluence structure fluid domain More

Fig. 2 Grid number test More

Fig. 3 ( a ) Cell discharge temperature and voltage diagram and ( b ) study [ 10 ] More

Fig. 4 ( a ) Temperature distribution in cross section of confluence channel plate and ( b ) temperature isothermal surface distribution in battery module (inlet mass flow = 0.001 kg/s) More

Fig. 5 ( a ) Maximum temperature and ( c ) average temperature in straight channel battery pack, ( b ) maximum temperature and ( d ) average temperature in confluence channel battery pack More

Fig. 6 ( a ) Average temperature and ( b ) maximum temperature in battery pack at different inlet mass flows More

Fig. 7 Isotherm distribution in the Y direction of the battery module in the confluence channel (structure e) More

Fig. 8 Surface temperature distribution and internal isothermal surface distribution of battery module under different mass flows More

Fig. 9 Confluence channel structure (e): ( a ) 7to6 is the abbreviation for the name of structure and ( b ) 6to7 is the abbreviation for the name of structure More

Fig. 10 Maximum temperature ( T max ) and average temperature ( T ave ) (mass flow 0.001 kg/s) More

Fig. 11 Distribution of isothermal surface in battery module under different inlet and outlet conditions (The number of channels corresponding to different coolant flow directions for structure e, abbreviated as 6to7 and 7to6) More