Fig. 1 Custom metatarsal impact experimental setup with: A—high impact load cell; B—low impact load cell; C—linear variable reluctance transducer; D—25.4 mm diameter indenter; E—reference ruler; and F—midmetatarsal impact site More

Fig. 2 A representative force-deformation history measured during fracture (specimen ID# 5) More

Fig. 3 X-ray scans of fractured specimens with nondisplaced transverse fracture in the second metatarsal (left, specimen ID #5) and displaced transverse fractures in the first, second and third (right, specimen ID #7) More

Fig. 4 Injury-risk curves with 95 % CI based on the impact energy (left) and peak impact force (right) ( n  = 9) More

Fig. 1 ( a ) A top-view model of the human calvarium displaying the outline which the frontal and parietal specimens were extracted from and ( b ) an example of a beam-shaped human calvarium specimen More

Fig. 2 ( a ) A cross-sectional micro-CT scanned image from a calvarium specimen, where c 1 and c 2 represent the half-thickness of the specimen from the centroid to the outer cortical and inner cortical surface, respectively. ( b ) An STL model of a calvarium specimen in geomagic software ... More

Fig. 3 ( a ) A two-dimensional schematic of the four-point bending impact and where the FBGs were placed on the surface of the calvaria, ( b ) a frontal view of the custom-built four-point impact apparatus, and ( c ) an isometric view of the custom-built four-point impact apparatus More

Fig. 4 An example of a strain-time plot (top graph) and its corresponding stress–strain plot (bottom graph) for a calvarium presenting where the slope was computed to obtain strain-rate and effective bending modulus, respectively. The indicated slope on the stress–strain plot (bottom graph) to det... More

Fig. 5 Bar charts comparing the mechanical response between male and female. * indicates a Welch t-test was performed for violating homogeneity of variance. More

Fig. 6 Histograms for compressive modulus and tensile modulus with respect to sex More

Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of the finite element model for cancellous bone, including trabecular bone, osteoblasts, and bone marrow: ( a ) trabecular bone, ( b ) assembly model for trabecular bone with osteoblasts, ( c ) three views of osteoblasts, and ( d ) boundary conditions for cancellous under... More

Fig. 2 The von Mises stress cloud maps of trabecular bone: ( a 1)–( a 10) without the irradiation of LIPUS (working conditions c i 0 ( i =  1, 2, …,10)), ( b 1)–( b 10) under the irradiation of LIPUS (working conditions c i 1 ( i =  1, 2, …, 10)) More

Fig. 3 The line graphs of the average von Mises stress of trabecular bone changed with compressive stress with and without LIPUS irradiation (working conditions c i 0 , c i 1 ( i  =   1, 2, …, 10)) More

Fig. 4 The line diagram of the average von Mises stress increment of trabecular bone varied with the physiological compressive load under the irradiation of LIPUS More

Fig. 5 The von Mises stress cloud maps of trabecular bone: ( a ) without the irradiation of LIPUS (working condition c 50 ) and ( b )–( f ) under LIPUS irradiation (working conditions c k ( k  =   1, 2, …, 5)) More

Fig. 6 The variation line graphics of the average von Mises stress with the amplitudes of excitation sound pressure: ( a ) trabecular bone and ( b ) osteoblast More

Fig. 7 The von Mises stress cloud maps of osteoblasts: ( a ) without the irradiation of LIPUS (working condition c 50 ) and ( b )–( f ) under LIPUS irradiation (working conditions c k ( k  =   1, 2, …, 5)) More